IRL 10

http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/11/02/MNPV13P1E6.DTL

This article is written by a journalist from the Washington post and it's a news article on the idea that women in the workplace in Hamburg and other parts of Germany need equality in pay. Th limitation of the article is that a journalist wrote it and often times journalists chose what they heard or say and write it, often times leaving out key ideas or issues. The idea of women needing equality in pay in the workplace is something the article states that the german idea of "Kinder, Kueche, Kirche" children, kitchen, church still holds. The struggle for equality in Germany that is happening now also relates to that of what we are studying now. German equality was limited due to the lack of free will in the Hitler dominated society. propagenda pushed the ideas that women should be at home and not in the workplace. As this article states there has been development but the issue still holds over equality. This idea that over time issues left unsloved are still plauging society today such as the equality in Germnay and the workplace. Such ideas that Hitler istalled in the youth and people during his time are still affecting society today. All of these statments gives value to what we are learning right now.

IRL

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqG_ltj3CrQ

This is a short Youtube slideshow that depicts propagenda posters during Hitler's time in power. This contributes to what we are learning now because it shows the young women Aryan women smiling and being strong ( such as the Olypic one) and how women were meant to make babies in Germany and how they were the key to the future. The propagenda campaign was menat to indoctrinate the youth, displayed in many of the posters being shown in the video and its significant because Hitler had the power to indoctrinate and influence one nation from the youth to the adults. The propagenda was a ploy to the Nazis and helped out the Nazi regime attain more support or power. The Hitler Youth was a group that specialiuzed in making sure the youth were ready for fighting if you were males or being mothers for women. Many of these propagenda posters were most likely for that reason to encourage the youth and the nation to participate in these programs for a stronger better Germany. The limitations in this video is that the poster and song are in German and therefore I can't understand their full meaning.

SGQ 10

QW's:


Compare and contrast the economic and social policies of one left wing and one right wing single-party ruler.


By what methods, and with what success, did single-party rulers in power establish totalitarian regimes?


MWH 309-318


1. What did National Socialism stand for?
A. What were the movements four general principles?

i.it was a way of life dedicated to the re-birth of the nation "national community"

ii. emphasis on the ruthlessly efficient organization of all aspects of the lives of the masses "totalitarian stae"
.voilen, terror, and propagenda had a vital role to play in all of this)

iii.the entire state must be organized on a military footing

iv.race theory (Aryans and Non-Aryans)

B. What evidence suggests Nazism was a "natural development of German history"?
i. Many can argue that it was a natural extension of the Prussian militarism and German tradtions.


ii.Also another viewpoint could be that national socialism and facism in genral were the final stage of western capitlaism which was bound to collapse because of its fatal flaws.



C . What evidence suggests Nazism was a "distortion of normal development" of German history?

The personal contribution of Hitler was a in a great deal one of the atrributs that wasn't a normal devolpment. He was striving to break away from the old and introduce something new.

D . What evidence suggests Nazism was a bit of both?

Hitler only contributed to the German trends in culture and beliefs. It wasn't a mere incident that it came about because its a product of logical and inevitable products of the past affecting the future.


2. How did Hitler consolidate his power?
A. Actions leading up to the March election of 1933

i. The election of march 5, 1933 led to police forces being replaced with loyal nazis.

ii. Blaming the communists for the Reichstag fire, led to a fear of communism

iii.Hitler had a private armies and a press and radio to try and whipo up the majority of the votes
B. The Reichstag fire

i. what happened?

On Feburary 27'th a amn called van der Lubbe set fire to the Reichstag and the SA knew about the mans intentions. It burnt to the ground and the SA even might have started little fires.

ii. what did it mean?

Blaming it all on a communist led to a great fear and more votes for the Nazis. And later a pretext to the banning of the communist party.

3. How was Hitler able to stay in power?
A. What was the Enabling Law?
This stated that the government could introduce laws without the approval of the Reichstag for the next four years, could ignore the constitution and could sign agreements with foreign countries. All of this would be drafted in the forms of the Chancellor (Hitler). This meant Hitler was dicator for four years and it was possible to extend it.


B. How did the Enabling Law pass?
The atmosphere that the SA created caused the people to not want to get them angered or to bring up enough courage to vote against it or fear that they may be beaten if they opposed the bill.


C. What was gleichschaltung?
A policy which turned Germany into a totalitarian or facist state.The government tried to control as many aspects of life as possible.

D. What were the characteristics of gleichschaltung?
i. Germany became a one-party state because all other parties were banned

ii. There was no more state, provincial, or municipial elections. The seperate stae parliments still existed but lost all powers and the majority of that power went to the Nazi Special Commissioner.

iii. the civil services were purged ( all enemies of the state such as Jews where purged)

iv. trade unions, a likely cause of resistance, were anolished and they were replaced with the German Labour Front. The governemt instead dealt with the issues of the workplace.

v. The education system was closely controlled so children could be indoctrinated with Nazi opinions ( Hitler Youth and the League German Maidains)

vi. there was a special policy concerned with the family
* 'racially pure' and healthy families were encouraged to have more children

vii. all communications and the media were controlled by the Minister of Propagenda, Dr Joseph Goebbels


viii. How was the economic life of the country organized?

a. telling industrialists what to produce, depending on what the country needd at that moment

b. moving workers around the country to places where jobs existed and labour was needed

c. emcouraging farmers to increase agriculture yields

d. controlling food prices and rents

e. manipulating foreingn exchange rates to avoid inflation

f.introducing vast schemes of public works- highways, and land drainages

g. forcing foreign countries to buy German goods either by refusing cash for goods bought from those countries

h.reduce dependence on foreign countries (manufacturing synthetic rubber and wool)

i. increasing expenditure on armaments

ix. How was religion handled?

a. Catholics

Hitler signed an agreement which promised not to interfere with German catholics in any way. However when the Catholic youth league rivalled Hitler Youth. However when the CAthlic school got closed down it wasn't enough for Hitler so he sent nuns and preists to concentration camps.

b. Protestants

Hitler tried to roganze them into a Reich church, in which the bishop was a Nazi However when they bothered him he persicuted the church and sent many people to their deaths
x.



xi. Anti-Semitism

a. how was it legalized?

Theses were legalized by the Nuremberg laws

b. examples of the law being carried out

1.ruled that even a person with only one Jewish grandparent must be classed as a Jew.

2.forabde them to marry non-Jews

3.deprived Jews of their German citezenship



E. How popular were Hitler's policies?

i. personal appeal - He tried to entertain the republic with parades and rallies that caused great enthusiasm and anticicaption after the weak adn inecsive governments of the Weimer Republic.



ii. unemployment - One of the things that went towards Hitler's popularity. This was able to happen through public work schemes and then the large party bureaucrcy was expaninding providing governemtn jobs. The purges of the 'enemy of the people' gave vacant jobs.



iii. working people - Sicnce the abolition of trade unions was causing strife in much of the people Hitler provided benifits such as subsidized holidays and cruises, concert tickets,ect.



iv. upper class - The upper class felt safe from a communist revolution and they were happy that trade unions where abolished since they nagged them. Also they were able to buy back at low prices the shares they had sold to the state during the crisis of 1929-32, and there were great promises of great profits from the public work schemes



v. farmers - Farmers gradually warmerd up to Hitler and only because it was made vclear that they were in a specially favoured postion in the state because of the Nazi decalred self-suffiency in food production. Also prices were fixed so they were assured a reasonable profit. Another attribute was that farms were to be passed on to the enxt of kin so therefore farms could not be sold.



vi. the Army -
a. officers -well disposed towards Hitler because of much publized aim of setting aside th erestrictions of the Versailles Treaty by rearmment and expansion of the army to its full strength



b. lower ranks -this idea above was being brought into the lower classes as well since National Socialists were being brought in



c. Night of Long Knives - This elimenated a lot of enemies and competion or troublesome people to Hitler and he stated it was justified because those people where plotting against the state. Hitler was also thought to have killed many of those people to containe certain information that might be drawn out by the SA leader Rohm. Rohm wished to be general of the troops but the army looked at him as a ruffin and incompetant to lead the army, Hitler in order not to be embarassed had an SS member kill him.

vii. foreign policy -HThis was a huge success and many Germans began to think of him as infallible

IRL 7

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/b2bukhar.html

This is a real document off of the Library of Congres website depicting Bukaharin's trial because he was denounced by a person saying he did 'counterrevoluntianry things' so therefore he must be shot. In this document it shows and gives value to what we have learned in class because Bukaharin discusses in the beginning about collectivization and industrialization, all concepts we have touched upon in class to better understadn the Soviet society during that time period. This adds value to what we have learned in the class becuase it showd the falsehoods of the staged trials. Bukahrin was a threat to Stalin and thereofre Stalin had him eliminated. The lack of evidence and false accusations give value to the notes and discussion in class we had on 11/12/09 because we viewed documents and pictures discussing the fake trails and the confessions that the supposed guilty must make. In this document it doesn't show any orgin of where the document was found, that being a limiation. Also the translation from the actual Soviet document could have been altered and pages are missing but th document still stands to be a valuable first hand account showing flase trials because of the purges.

Use these two sources to analyse the effects of Stalin’s purges on Soviet society.

SOURCE A Extract from Natasha’s Dance by Orlando Figes, London 2002.




Prokofiev [the composer] became a lonely figure in Paris. “I am a Russian, the least suited of men to be

an exile. I’ve got to talk to my own people, so that they can give me something I lack here – their songs –

my songs.”

From 1932 Prokofiev began to spend half the year in Moscow, and later he and his family moved there

permanently. He was given a luxurious apartment and allowed the freedom to travel to the West (at a

time when Soviet citizens were sent to the gulag for speaking to a foreigner). He was awarded prizes and

flattered in his native land.

But Prokofiev’s working life became difficult. Attacked as a formalist [one who was regarded as preferring

their art as an art form, rather than it being understood by the millions] like Shostakovich, he retreated

by writing music for the young: Peter and the Wolf with its wolf hunt, was a product of the terror years,

but most of the music he had written in Paris and New York was banned.










SOURCE B Extract from Hope against Hope, by N Mandelstam, London, 1971. The author

and her poet husband were exiled in 1934, allowed to return to Moscow in 1937,

but he was sent to a labour camp in 1938, and died there.




As regards the Stalinist terror, we could never imagine that it might end. … It was essential to smile –

if you didn’t it meant you were afraid or discontented. This nobody could afford to admit. Everybody had

to walk around wearing a cheerful expression, as though to say: “what’s going on is no concern of mine,

I have important work to do. I am trying to do my best for the state. My conscience is clear – if what’s his

name is arrested, there must be good reason.”

The mask [pretence] was only taken off at home, and then not always. Even from your children you had to

hide how horror-struck you were; otherwise they might let something slip at school.


Both theses sources show how much the purges effected the Societ soceit, making them into people they didn;t want to be or else there would be terrible concienses. The average man an dwomen is depicted in source b stated you even had to hide from your children and lie to them because they would turn on you. It states "The mask [pretense] was only taken off at home, and then not always. Even from your children you had to hide how horror-struck you were; otherwise they might let something slip at school." The fear that Stalin's purges might effect your life was clearly seen that even musicians went into a mode of making music that Stalin would agree upon such as, Prokoviev in source A, whose music was banned in the Soviet society, which he wrote in New York and Paris because it had western spin on it. Having to make and be something else because of one mans terror he places on you through purges made the Soviet society become "very difficult" as source a puts it. Due to the purges people had to smile and put on the falsehood that everything Stalin was doing was just fine with tem but in reality it was not, but the purges made them be silenced to any opinion and voice because the NKVD would show up at your house and terroize your family if you went against the "norm." Discontenment was high, says source B but a visualization of that was not allowed becuase then the Soviet police or people; because it became every man for himself was turned for being discontent with Stalin's power, something that couldn't be know.

SCQ 9 1-2

IBHL1 SGQ9


QWs:


Compare and contrast the economic and social policies of one left wing and one right wing single-party ruler.


Examine the status of women in two single-party states, each chosen from a different region.


In what ways did one ruler of a single-party state try to use education to support his regime?


MWH 361-378


1. How did Stalin get to supreme power?
a. Why might Trotsky have become leader? Why did he not?
He might have become leader because he was an ispired orator, an intellectual and a man of action, and the organizer of the Red Armies. He tended to be arrogant and was bitterly crtical of his rivals. because he was so mean to his rivls they all went against him so they wouldnt be accused anymore. He also kept quite at the wrong times;



b. Who were the other Politburo members? Why did none of them take power?

They are the "parlimentary system" and they never took complete power because they quarlled so much about topics, thereofre making them unproportional representation and unable to compromise.

c. How did Stalin use his position?

Very well he elimintaded people in the Politburo who disagreed with him and put in supporters and he wused it to his advantage.

d. What was the major Politburo disagreement? What were the three options?
Disagreement over policy arose in the this area because Marx never described in detail how the new communist society should be organized. The three major issuies where permant revolution ideas, to continue or not continue the NEP, and who would be the next leader(they didn't want a dictator)




2. How successful was Stalin in solving Russia's economic problems?
a. What were Russia's economic problems?
production from heavy industry was still very low
more food needed to be produced



b. What were the Five Year Plans?

i. How were they carried out?

cash was provided by Russians themselves
foreign technicians were brought in
emphasis in expanding edu. in colleges and factories
factories-the old capitalistic methods of piecework and pay differnentials between skilled and unskilled workers were used to encourgae production

ii. How successful were they? (Provide hard facts as evidence!)

many of the products were in poor quiality( the high targets forced workers to speed up and this caused
c. What does collectivization mean? smaller farms join together to grow and help the USSRand all the peasants would own the land and contribute to the farms
i. How was it carried out?
Stalin used terror and propagenda, but mostly sheer brutal force. Many times the government would encourage the peasants to join a collectivized farm and then refusal would esue but then the government would force them and then state that that it was the peasants decision. Many times peasants if they refused then they shot on the spot or sent to a labour camp.

ii. How successful was it? (Provide hard facts as evidence!)

It allowed greater mechanization which did achieve a greater production in 1937. The amount of grain taken by the states greatly increased and so did grain exports, 1930 and 1931 were excellent years of exports. The hard facts were that only in 1930 (the year Stalin stopped colectivization did it increase) did the grain increase but other than that there was faminiie from 1932-3, especially in the Ukraine due to many things but among them is the idea that the livestock was all eaten by the peasants. Over 5 million peasants died of starvation. So the best way to look at this was that it was a political success but an economic failure which caused the inhumanity of the country to truly show.


3. How successful was Stalin in solving Russia's political problems?
a. What were Russia's political problems?

i.a new constitution was needed to consolidate Stalin's power and the Communist party over the country

ii. trying to hold the union together and stop countries that wanted to be independent because nationalism was needed for communism to flourish

iii. grow the popularity back towards communism and to elimante political oppostion from other opponents not agreeing with communismtic ideaology.



b. The Purges and Great Terror

i. What were the "purges"?

These were killings and assassanations of poltical figures and high up officials that posed a threat or any oppostion to the communist party or Stalin's power. They were meant to terrorize the masses into obediance. they were a form of political infighting and another revolution.

ii. How were the purges justified?

1. that it was politcal infighting

2. revolutions have consequences such as the ones being experianced in the "purges"

iii. What was the Great Terror? How was it carried out?

it was carried out by force and brutality and mass scares that where meant to put the masses into submission to stalin and the communist party. It was a campaign that isued that Stalin had the ultimate power.

c. What was the purpose of the 1936 constitution? How did it work in practice?
To consolidate power to the communist party and knock out any oppostion. Also to secure the power of Stalin in the forms of a leader. It just stated the Stalin and the party ran things and even though it didn't state it that the real power remained in the Politburo


d. What was Stalin's two part approach for holding the union together?

i. national languages and cultures were encouraged and the republics hada certain amount of independence

ii. moscow had the final say in important decesions. if necessary force would be used to preserve control



4. What was everyday life and culture like under Stalin?
a. Why was life hard?
i. food: famine, bnad harvestings
ii. housing: shortages, evictions, communial apartments, barracks for many
iii. the nomenklatura:they had bread delievered to their home and experianced special priveliages, lower prices for things, better accomdations


b. What signs of improvement were there?

i. food supplies where improving and rationing was abolished

ii.education and healthcare were improving

iii.more facilties for leasure were set
iv.provision of clothing and food at work bettered condtions



c. The state, women, and the family
i. Why was life hard for women?
1. they were forced often times to be the breadmaker of the family
2. they faced hard jobs and yet had to face a hard home life with lesser wages and benfits than men
ii. What two goals did the government have for women?
1. build more daycare centers and nurseries for children
2. no abortions and have as many kids as possible and maternity leave was fine
iii. What policies did the government adopt towards women?
1.produce children

2. take jobs

3. increaase output and look after the houshold and family

iv. What was life like for upper-class or well-educated women?

They were seen by the state as part of a campaign to 'civilize' the masses. Their main duty was to leada comfortable home life for their husbands and families.




d. Education

i. What improvements were made to education?
1. 8-11 must be enrolled in education

2. new training colleges were set up to train new lecturers and teachers



ii. What were some of the goals of education?
1. turn the younger generation into good orthodox Soviet citizens

2. religion and other "bourqeois' practices were presented as superstious and backward



e. Religion
i. Was was the Communist view of religion?
Because of Lenin and Stalin and other Bolshevik leaderes antheisism was the leader of what the people believed and many thought it to be a harmful superstition which must be eliminated. Also they felt it was merely an invention of the ruling classes to keep the people docile and under control.


ii. What actions did the government take towards religious organizations?
Stalin didn't like the way that preists opposed collectivization so he had hundreds of secret attacks on the churchs that were burnt down and many cemeteries vandalized. Thousands of preists where killed. There was an anti-religious campaign.


iii. What was the people's reaction to those policies/actions?
Mnay were outraged, especially in the rural areas where preisnts and rabbis where popular.


f. Literature and theater

This was a cultural revolution because this gave the governement leway to make writers and actors get their ideas across. There was a "war"between the non communist writers adn the RAPP. Although after awhile Stalin didn't like the RAPP because it showed the flaws in society. Many theater people came under attack because "social realism' was needed in order to Stalin and they weren't portraying it correctly.



g. Art, architecture, and music
"social realism' was also expected to be portrayed in this area. No western ideas or iedeaology was allowed in terms of anything. Scultptures where supposed to produce images of Stalin and other communist leaders to show the postive affects of revolution and communism pride.


h. The cinema
Moderinzaing the film industry was one of the major ideas that Stalin wanted because with film propagenda can be portrayed and more efficently. Stalin also many times rewrote scripts to his liking. Films could only portray certain ideas that Stalin set as well.

SQG 8

QW's:


1. “The aims and policies of single-party state rulers rarely followed their declared ideology.” To what extent do you agree with this assertion?
2. Compare and contrast the rise to power of two rulers of single-party states, each chosen from a different region.


MWH 349-358


How successfully did Lenin and the Bolsheviks deal with their problems (1917-1924?)


I. How much support did the Bolsheviks have from the people?
Not a lot and Lenin realized that so he attempted to nationalize alll land so that it could be redistributed among the peasants.
a. the elections of November 1917
i. Bolshevik seats -175

ii. Social Revolutionary seats - 370

iii. Mensheviks seats -15

iv. "left wing" groups -40

v. nationality groups -80

vi. Kadets -17


b. How did Lenin respond to the election results?
Lenin still wanted the Bolsheviks in power so he used military control to gain his power.



II. What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and what were its conditions?
a. It was a treaty between...Russia an dGermany


b. Russia gave up
i. a third of Russia's farming land

ii. a third of the population

iii. two-thirds of their colamines and half her heavy industries



III. Why did the Bolsheviks resort to violence?
a. Violence from others
i. Petrograd and Moscow - Lenin did not want a famine in the land so he resorted to violence if any of the peasnats were hoarding grain and the Cheka shot them.

ii. Ukraine - the majority of the wheat was grown in the Ukraine and this only made the famine worse resorting to more violence to cut off hoarders

iii. Social Revolutionaries - assainated the German ambassador and leading Bolshevik member of the Petrograd soviet adn they attempted to sieze power for themselves

iv. violence aimed at Bolshevik leaders -the head of the Petrograd Cheka was assasinated and Lenin was shot at
*desperate times=desperate measure

b. Lenin's flawed reasoning

i. Marx's predictions

1.capitialists would overthrow the autocratic monarchy and set up systems of parlimetary democracy

2. when industrilaztion was complete, the industrial workers, who were now in a majority, would overthrow the capitilatists and set up a classless society

ii. Russia's reality

1. isolated

2. facing a capiltilaists Europe who was deeply suspicious of the new regime

iii. Lenin's expectations for the rest of Europe

that they too would participate in this worldwide socialist revolution.

c. Liberal historical interpretation
they are convinced that the Bolsheviks were commited to the use of violende and terror from the beginning

IV. The Red Terror
a. against peasants - they felt that they hoarded too much grain so they excuted them

b. against political opponents - social revolutionaries were shot down to stop oppostion

c. against the former Tsar - in order to take total control the tsars family had to be killed


V. Civil War
a. Which groups made up the "Whites"?social revolutionaries, Mensheviks, ex-tsarist officers, and any other groups which did not like the Bolsheviks

b. What was the Whites' main goal? continue war against Germany and to destroy the Bolshevik government

c. What was the role of other nations? to stop the Bolshevik revolultion

d. What was the result of the Civil War?communist victory

e. How were the communists able to win the Civil War?

i.the whites were not centrally organized

ii. red army had more troops

iii. Lenin took measures known as war communis

iv.Lenin was able to present the Bolsheviks asa nationalist government fighting against foreingers



VI. What were the effects of the Civil War?
a. civilian deaths - loads of civilian deaths (peasants)

b. economic changes - was in ruins and the ruoble was worth only 1% of its value, more centralized


VII. What was done about economic problems?
a. effects of war communism

i. food shortages

ii. industry was at a standstill

b. reforms of the New Economic Policy

i.peasnts werent allowed to keep a surplus produceafter payment of tax representing a certain proportion of the surplus

ii.foreign investment was encouraged
iii. reintroduction of private trade, recieved incentive, and food production increased

c. successes of the NEP

i. economy began to recover

ii. production levels were improvin

iii, electirfication of industry